TFTP is a very versatile protocol that can be used for a variety of tasks, including backing up network configurations, upgrading code, and remote-booting devices without hard drives. However, because of its inherent insecurity, you must take special care in the design and configuration of a TFTP server. It's a good idea to place such a server behind a firewall. Also, be sure to use TFTP on a server that includes additional security control, such as a Windows 2000 server.
Since TFTP is not as ubiquitous as FTP, setting it up is not quite as simple as installing the Internet Information Services on your Windows 2000 Server. But there are many providers of full TFTP servers that are sufficient to serve your needs. In this Daily Feature, I will explain how to download and set up both Cisco's and SolarWinds' free TFTP servers on a Windows 2000 server.
Where to download the TFTP server files
To download the Cisco TFTP server, you need to be a registered member of the Cisco site with a login ID and password. To register, you need a valid e-mail address. Once you've registered and logged in, download the TFTP server. You'll need the file TFTPServer1-1-980730.exe.
The SolarWinds TFTP server is available on the SolarWinds Web site. You'll need the file SolarWinds-TFTP-Server.exe. Click on the Try Now link on the right-hand side of the page to be directed to the download page.
The Cisco TFTP server
In this section, I will explain how to set up the Cisco TFTP server on a Windows 2000 Server running Service Pack 2. It's simple to install, set up, and use this TFTP server, which should prove adequate for the needs of most network administrators.
To begin, simply double-click the downloaded file to extract the files. If you accept all the defaults, the server will be installed into C:Program FilesCisco SystemsCisco TFTP Server. When complete, you will have a new program item on your desktop and the Start menu that runs the TFTP server. You don't need to reboot to run the TFTP server.
Running TFTP
To start the Cisco TFTP server, click the shortcut on your desktop. You'll notice that this program offers very few options. To see how your TFTP server is set up, choose View | Options. Figure A shows the default option settings.
Make note of the TFTP server root directory, because this is where the files you transfer to the machine will be located, and it's also the location where you will place files you need to transfer from the server onto a network device.
Using TFTP
To illustrate how TFTP can be used to back up your network hardware configuration, I'll run through the process of backing up my Cisco PIX firewall to my desktop machine, which has the IP address of 172.16.1.207. To do this, I made sure I was in enable mode on my firewall. Then, I ran the commands below, which backed up the network hardware configuration. These commands work for the Cisco PIX and other Cisco equipment.
pixfirewall# write net 172.16.1.207:pixcfg.txt
Building configuration..
TFTP write '/pixcfg.txt' at 172.16.1.207 on interface 1
[OK]
Other than Cisco
If you are not using Cisco, please refer to your system documentation for the syntax to back up your hardware configurations to a TFTP server.
The [OK] signified that the configuration was indeed backed up. When I looked in the TFTP server’s root directory, I saw a file named pixcfg.txt.
The Cisco TFTP server main window also reports on the progress and status of the download. Listing A shows the report generated on the Cisco TFTP server's main window.
Security concerns
TFTP, by design, isn't a very secure protocol to use. The purpose of TFTP is to send and receive data to and from pretty much anyone who asks, regardless of who they are. If a TFTP server is placed behind a firewall and you trust the users on the LAN, the security problem is somewhat lessened. A good rule of thumb is this: Assume that all of the files in the TFTP root directory of your TFTP server are readable by anyone. Do you want or care if someone gets all of the files from this directory? If not, the security issue is not as important.
But most of us don't want just anyone getting their hands on router and firewall configurations. Such vulnerable information could give potential attackers critical information about your network, including exactly what kinds of traffic are allowed through the firewall.
Because of this insecurity, you should put your TFTP server on an isolated LAN that only the necessary equipment (such as routers and switches) can reach.
SolarWinds TFTP server
The SolarWinds TFTP server makes some strides in addressing the security concerns of TFTP at the application level. It includes TCP/IP access lists and other features that make it more difficult for just anyone to access the FTP server.
To install the SolarWinds TFTP server, double-click on the executable that you downloaded and accept the default installation, which will result in the program binaries being installed into C:Program FilesSolarWinds2002 Standard Edition. Once the installation is complete, the server will start up automatically.
From the main SolarWinds TFTP server window, you can view the server configuration by choosing File | Configure and the window shown in Figure B will appear.
By default, the TFTP root directory with the SolarWinds server is C:TFTP-Root. Also, the server is set to Receive Only mode, which means it will only accept connections that transmit files to it, ignoring requests for outgoing file transfers. Receive connections are permitted from any IP address.
Testing
To test the SolarWinds server, I sent the same file that I sent to the Cisco TFTP server previously to it. The test was successful and I logged on to the main screen of the server.
Additional security
While allowing the server only to receive files is a great security measure, what do you do when you need a TFTP server capable of both sending and receiving files? The SolarWinds TFTP server can accept connections based on the source IP address, allowing you to strictly limit who is able to use it. To set this up, from the configuration screen, choose Advanced Security (Figure C).
Once you add IP ranges to the list of permitted IP addresses, the Advanced Security tab will look similar to Figure D.
Figure E shows an example of the log information you receive when it detects an attempt to bypass the security mechanisms.
More about TFTP
While TFTP is the method of choice for backing up or upgrading network hardware, it also has other uses. TFTP is the protocol used for remote booting of devices without hard drives. In this way, it's used with a bootp server. From the bootp server, the device receives its addressing information and the address of the TFTP server from which it should boot.
When configuring a firewall to allow access to a TFTP server on a protected network, keep in mind that the TFTP server uses port 69 for communication and relies on UDP rather than TCP. This also means that TFTP is not as reliable as FTP. The information (packets) is neither guaranteed to be complete nor acknowledged by the destination server.
The 512 limit
TFTP transfers files in 512-byte increments. When the TFTP server receives a packet smaller than 512 bytes, the server assumes the end of the file has been reached and closes the connection. Because of the 512-byte limit, data can easily be lost.
Since TFTP is not as ubiquitous as FTP, setting it up is not quite as simple as installing the Internet Information Services on your Windows 2000 Server. But there are many providers of full TFTP servers that are sufficient to serve your needs. In this Daily Feature, I will explain how to download and set up both Cisco's and SolarWinds' free TFTP servers on a Windows 2000 server.
Where to download the TFTP server files
To download the Cisco TFTP server, you need to be a registered member of the Cisco site with a login ID and password. To register, you need a valid e-mail address. Once you've registered and logged in, download the TFTP server. You'll need the file TFTPServer1-1-980730.exe.
The SolarWinds TFTP server is available on the SolarWinds Web site. You'll need the file SolarWinds-TFTP-Server.exe. Click on the Try Now link on the right-hand side of the page to be directed to the download page.
The Cisco TFTP server
In this section, I will explain how to set up the Cisco TFTP server on a Windows 2000 Server running Service Pack 2. It's simple to install, set up, and use this TFTP server, which should prove adequate for the needs of most network administrators.
To begin, simply double-click the downloaded file to extract the files. If you accept all the defaults, the server will be installed into C:Program FilesCisco SystemsCisco TFTP Server. When complete, you will have a new program item on your desktop and the Start menu that runs the TFTP server. You don't need to reboot to run the TFTP server.
Running TFTP
To start the Cisco TFTP server, click the shortcut on your desktop. You'll notice that this program offers very few options. To see how your TFTP server is set up, choose View | Options. Figure A shows the default option settings.
Figure A |
Here you see the Cisco TFTP server options. |
Make note of the TFTP server root directory, because this is where the files you transfer to the machine will be located, and it's also the location where you will place files you need to transfer from the server onto a network device.
Using TFTP
To illustrate how TFTP can be used to back up your network hardware configuration, I'll run through the process of backing up my Cisco PIX firewall to my desktop machine, which has the IP address of 172.16.1.207. To do this, I made sure I was in enable mode on my firewall. Then, I ran the commands below, which backed up the network hardware configuration. These commands work for the Cisco PIX and other Cisco equipment.
pixfirewall# write net 172.16.1.207:pixcfg.txt
Building configuration..
TFTP write '/pixcfg.txt' at 172.16.1.207 on interface 1
[OK]
Other than Cisco
If you are not using Cisco, please refer to your system documentation for the syntax to back up your hardware configurations to a TFTP server.
The [OK] signified that the configuration was indeed backed up. When I looked in the TFTP server’s root directory, I saw a file named pixcfg.txt.
The Cisco TFTP server main window also reports on the progress and status of the download. Listing A shows the report generated on the Cisco TFTP server's main window.
Security concerns
TFTP, by design, isn't a very secure protocol to use. The purpose of TFTP is to send and receive data to and from pretty much anyone who asks, regardless of who they are. If a TFTP server is placed behind a firewall and you trust the users on the LAN, the security problem is somewhat lessened. A good rule of thumb is this: Assume that all of the files in the TFTP root directory of your TFTP server are readable by anyone. Do you want or care if someone gets all of the files from this directory? If not, the security issue is not as important.
But most of us don't want just anyone getting their hands on router and firewall configurations. Such vulnerable information could give potential attackers critical information about your network, including exactly what kinds of traffic are allowed through the firewall.
Because of this insecurity, you should put your TFTP server on an isolated LAN that only the necessary equipment (such as routers and switches) can reach.
SolarWinds TFTP server
The SolarWinds TFTP server makes some strides in addressing the security concerns of TFTP at the application level. It includes TCP/IP access lists and other features that make it more difficult for just anyone to access the FTP server.
To install the SolarWinds TFTP server, double-click on the executable that you downloaded and accept the default installation, which will result in the program binaries being installed into C:Program FilesSolarWinds2002 Standard Edition. Once the installation is complete, the server will start up automatically.
From the main SolarWinds TFTP server window, you can view the server configuration by choosing File | Configure and the window shown in Figure B will appear.
Figure B |
SolarWinds TFTP Server Configuration options include an Advanced Security tab. |
By default, the TFTP root directory with the SolarWinds server is C:TFTP-Root. Also, the server is set to Receive Only mode, which means it will only accept connections that transmit files to it, ignoring requests for outgoing file transfers. Receive connections are permitted from any IP address.
Testing
To test the SolarWinds server, I sent the same file that I sent to the Cisco TFTP server previously to it. The test was successful and I logged on to the main screen of the server.
Additional security
While allowing the server only to receive files is a great security measure, what do you do when you need a TFTP server capable of both sending and receiving files? The SolarWinds TFTP server can accept connections based on the source IP address, allowing you to strictly limit who is able to use it. To set this up, from the configuration screen, choose Advanced Security (Figure C).
Figure C |
Only add trusted IP ranges to this configuration. |
Once you add IP ranges to the list of permitted IP addresses, the Advanced Security tab will look similar to Figure D.
Figure D |
An IP address range can be removed by highlighting the range and clicking Delete Selected Range. |
Figure E shows an example of the log information you receive when it detects an attempt to bypass the security mechanisms.
Figure E |
If the server detects an attempt to bypass the security mechanisms, your log file will contain errors like these. |
More about TFTP
While TFTP is the method of choice for backing up or upgrading network hardware, it also has other uses. TFTP is the protocol used for remote booting of devices without hard drives. In this way, it's used with a bootp server. From the bootp server, the device receives its addressing information and the address of the TFTP server from which it should boot.
When configuring a firewall to allow access to a TFTP server on a protected network, keep in mind that the TFTP server uses port 69 for communication and relies on UDP rather than TCP. This also means that TFTP is not as reliable as FTP. The information (packets) is neither guaranteed to be complete nor acknowledged by the destination server.
The 512 limit
TFTP transfers files in 512-byte increments. When the TFTP server receives a packet smaller than 512 bytes, the server assumes the end of the file has been reached and closes the connection. Because of the 512-byte limit, data can easily be lost.
Just like a Windows or Linux operating system, the Cisco IOS has its own list of commands to manipulate files, very similar to DOS/Windows commands. These files could be your IOS router operating system, configuration file, or other type of IOS file. Knowing these file commands is a critical requirement for any Cisco admin.
Let's look at 10 Cisco IOS file management commands you must know.
#1 dirThis shows a directory list of files on a filesystem. To see the options, type dir ?
You can think of each of these filesystems almost like disk drives in DOS, where you have to put a colon after the name. So, the nvram is called nvram:. The default is to show a directory of the router's flash as your default current directory isflash:Every router will have at least flash memory and nvram (non-volatile random access memory).
#2 cdChange directory: Use cd to change your current directory to a different device or subdirectory on that device. In the following, when I change my directory to the nvram: filesystem and do a dir,I get a list of nvram. I could also cd to a subdirectory after I have created a directory with mkdir.
#3 copyThis is used to copy the IOS or a config file from and to somewhere. You would use this to copy the router's configuration off the router to a TFTP server or just make a local backup of it on the router. You would also use the copy command to upgrade the router with a new IOS from a TFTP server.
Here, I am making a local backup of the router's running configuration:
#4 delete and rmVery simply, you will use delete to delete files and rmto remove folders/directories. Here, I use delete to delete the backup of my config that I just created:#5 show flash This is used to show the files in your flash. The command show flashis similar to dir flash: but it provides a little more information on the size and type of flash memory in your router.#6 erase and formatIt can be a bit confusing why you would erase one type of filesystem, but format another. What you really need to know is that you format flash devices and erase nvram. There are other types of filesystems, and you may erase or format them, depending on their type. The erase command is most used when you want to wipe out the router's configuration and start with a default configuration. This is done with erase startup-configuration.
#7 moreThis shows a text / configuration file. Let's say that you want to view a backup configuration file that you created. Just use the morecommand to view it:#8 verifyThis is used to verify the checksum or compute a MD5 signature for a file.
#9 mkdirJust like in DOS, you use mkdir to create a directory/folder. I would do this to perhaps create an archive folder for backup configurations or old IOS files.
#10 fsckFAT filesystem check is typically used to check your flash filesystem integrity. You may do this if you have experienced some corruption of your IOS files in flash.
While there are so many reasons to use file system commands like these, if I had to select three of the most practical uses for some of the commands listed above, here is my list:
- Navigating the Cisco IOS filesystems — knowing what configuration files and what IOS files are on the router, perhaps before performing an upgrade.
- Back up your configuration to the local router or off to a TFTP server, again, perhaps before a backup
- Performing an upgrade of the Cisco IOS by copying the IOS from a TFTP server to the router.
It's very important to understand IOS file management commands, what those commands are, and how you can use them in the real world. You don't want to be stumbling to restore your IOS when the primary IOS is corrupt!
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Becoming proficient with the Cisco IOS means learning some essential commands. This quick reference describes 10 commands you'll need to rely on when handling various configuration and troubleshooting tasks.
#1: The '?'
It may seem entirely too obvious that you should know how to type ? to ask for help when using the Cisco IOS. However, the Cisco IOS is completely different from other operating systems when it comes to using the question mark (help key). As the IOS is a command-line operating system with thousands of possible commands and parameters, using the ? can save your day.
You can use the command in many ways. First, use it when you don't know what command to type. For example, type ? at the command line for a list of all possible commands. You can also use ? when you don't know what a command's next parameter should be. For example, you might type show ip ? If the router requires no other parameters for the command, the router will offer <CR> as the only option.
Finally, use ? to see all commands that start with a particular letter. For example, show c? will return a list of commands that start with the letter 'c'.
#2: show running-configuration
The show running-config command shows the router, switch, or firewall's current configuration. The running-configuration is the config that is in the router's memory. You change this config when you make changes to the router. Keep in mind that config is not saved until you do a copy running-configuration startup-configuration. This command can be abbreviated sh run.
SEE: Server deployment/migration checklist (Tech Pro Research)
#3: copy running-configuration startup-configuration
This command will save the configuration that is currently being modified (in RAM), also known as the running-configuration, to the nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM). If the power is lost, the NVRAM will preserve this configuration. In other words, if you edit the router's configuration, don't use this command and reboot the router—those changes will be lost. This command can be abbreviated copy run start. The copy command can also be used to copy the running or startup configuration from the router to a TFTP server in case something happens to the router.
#4: show interface
The show interface command displays the status of the router's interfaces. Among other things, this output provides the following:
- Interface status (up/down)
- Protocol status on the interface
- Utilization
- Errors
- MTU
This command is essential for troubleshooting a router or switch. It can also be used by specifying a certain interface, like sh int g0/0.
#5: show ip interface
More about Networking
Even more popular than show interface are show ip interface and show ip interface brief. The show ip interface command provides tons of useful information about the configuration and status of the IP protocol and its services, on all interfaces. The show ip interface brief command provides a quick status of the interfaces on the router, including their IP address, Layer 2 status, and Layer 3 status.
#6: config terminal, enable, interface, and router
Cisco routers have different modes where only certain things can be shown or certain things can be changed. Being able to move between these modes is critical to successfully configuring the router.
For example, when logging in, you start off at the user mode (where the prompt looks like >). From there, you type enable to move to privileged mode (where the prompt looks like #). In privileged mode, you can show anything but not make changes. Next, type config terminal (or config t) to go to global configuration mode (where the prompt looks like router(config)# ). From here, you can change global parameters. To change a parameter on an interface (like the IP address), go to interface configuration mode with the interface command (where the prompt looks like router(config-if)#). Also from the global configuration mode, you can go into router configuration using the router {protocol} command. To exit from a mode, type exit.
#7: no shutdown
The no shutdown command enables an interface (brings it up). This command must be used in interface configuration mode. It is useful for new interfaces and for troubleshooting. When you're having trouble with an interface, you may want to try a shut and no shut. Of course, to bring the interface down, reverse the command and just say shutdown. This command can be abbreviated no shut.
SEE: Systems downtime expense calculator (Tech Pro Research)
#8: show ip route
The show ip route command is used to show the router's routing table. This is the list of all networks that the router can reach, their metric (the router's preference for them), and how to get there. This command can be abbreviated sh ip ro and can have parameters after it, like sh ip ro ospf for all OSPF routes. To clear the routing table of all routes, you do clear ip route. To clear it of just one routes, issue the command clear ip route x.x.x.x (where x.x.x.x is the network you want to clear).
#9: show version
The show version command gives you the router's configuration register (essentially, the router's firmware settings for booting up), the last time the router was booted, the version of the IOS, the name of the IOS file, the model of the router, and the router's amount of RAM and Flash. This command can be abbreviated sh ver.
#10: debug
The debug command has many options and does not work by itself. It provides detailed debugging output on a certain application, protocol, or service. For example, debug ip routing will tell you every time a route is added to or removed from the router. Debugging can be dangerous as its process takes priority over all others. Be prepared to disable the feature using the no debug command or undebug all command.
Editors note: This article was originally published on TechRepublic July 25, 2006. It was updated on November 30, 2017. The original version is also available as a PDF download.
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How do you redirect an output to a local file when executing a cisco command?
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Let's say I would like to execute 'show interface description | inc mcRNC411' and I would like to redirect its output in a local file named C:output.txt.
Thank you. :)
JimPawJimPaw
migrated from stackoverflow.comSep 21 '12 at 16:13
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
3 Answers
This depends on the OS the devices is running (IOX, NX-OS etc) and the version it is on.
For a typical IOS device the details are here.
Use
show run | i username | redirect flash0:/output.txt
Although not all devices support using two pipes, and/or the
redirect
(or tee
) command. Again, it depends on your device and OS.UPDATETo have the update sent to your local computer as C:output.txt is only possible, when using just the built in features on the switch, via URL redirection. The
redirect
command saves the output to a URL like the example given, 'flash:/output.txt'.This can also be TFTP
redirect tftp://192.168.0.1/myfile.txt
but this requires you to set up a TFTP server. The guild 2 renaissance mods. You can see from the help output of the redirect
command many other protocols are available;Since you are on Windows (I assume, with the mention of 'C:'), if you are using Hyperterminal you can capture the output of commands to a local file: See this reference.
I can't advise you on all terminal emulation programs there are too many, but there are multiple that have this same 'capture to file' feature.
Last but not least, a simply copy and paste would surely do? ;)
jwbensleyjwbensley2,91799 gold badges5050 silver badges8383 bronze badges
Can you just log the session? Every terminal emulator I've used in.. well, since I can remember offers the option to log all your session input and output to a file on the machine you're running it from.
Generally, on Windows (which you seem to be using) you can also select and copy the contents of a terminal or CLI window by right clicking on the title/menu bar and selecting the appropriate option from the context menu as well.
HopelessN00bHopelessN00b48.8k2525 gold badges119119 silver badges194194 bronze badges
Cisco Asa Tftp Server Command
It's as simple as below:
You login to your router or switch.In the # mode, you type the following command
10.0.0.4 is your tftp server(hope you have one. If not just download solarwind tftp application and install it on any of your server. Just configure it to show the where the files to be stored by default)
routerbackup is your file name.
.doc
is the type of file you want. you can have .txt
or any other foramt.Now your file will be in the designated folder on 10.0.0.4 in word document format.That's all :) Enjoy Cisco
sebix3,60222 gold badges1818 silver badges4040 bronze badges
Sayyid MohammedSayyid Mohammed
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged redirectcisco or ask your own question.
How do you redirect an output to a local file when executing a cisco command?
Let's say I would like to execute 'show interface description | inc mcRNC411' and I would like to redirect its output in a local file named C:output.txt.
Cisco Tftp Server Commands Download
Thank you. :)
JimPawJimPaw
migrated from stackoverflow.comSep 21 '12 at 16:13
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
3 Answers
This depends on the OS the devices is running (IOX, NX-OS etc) and the version it is on.
For a typical IOS device the details are here.
Use
show run | i username | redirect flash0:/output.txt
Although not all devices support using two pipes, and/or the
redirect
(or tee
) command. Again, it depends on your device and OS.AnthaathiChinmayi Sripaada, Govind Vasantha, Bhadra Rajin, M. Tamil movie free download isaimini. Nassar, Pradeep Kumar, Gowri TP, Kalyani MenonLyricist: Karthik Netha, Uma Devi Information Cast,DirectorMusic Director,YearLanguage96 Tamil Movie Songs Download MP3 Title128Kbps320Kbps1. 96 Tamil movie songs download mp3Music by: Govind VasanthaSingers: Chinmayi Sripaada, Govind Vasantha, Bhadra Rajin, M. Total 9 song of this album. Download to all audio songs of 96 (2018) tamil movie.
UPDATETo have the update sent to your local computer as C:output.txt is only possible, when using just the built in features on the switch, via URL redirection. The
redirect
command saves the output to a URL like the example given, 'flash:/output.txt'.This can also be TFTP
redirect tftp://192.168.0.1/myfile.txt
but this requires you to set up a TFTP server. You can see from the help output of the redirect
command many other protocols are available;Since you are on Windows (I assume, with the mention of 'C:'), if you are using Hyperterminal you can capture the output of commands to a local file: See this reference.
I can't advise you on all terminal emulation programs there are too many, but there are multiple that have this same 'capture to file' feature.
Last but not least, a simply copy and paste would surely do? ;)
jwbensleyjwbensley2,91799 gold badges5050 silver badges8383 bronze badges
Can you just log the session? Every terminal emulator I've used in.. well, since I can remember offers the option to log all your session input and output to a file on the machine you're running it from.
Cisco Tftp Server Commands List
Generally, on Windows (which you seem to be using) you can also select and copy the contents of a terminal or CLI window by right clicking on the title/menu bar and selecting the appropriate option from the context menu as well.
HopelessN00bHopelessN00b48.8k2525 gold badges119119 silver badges194194 bronze badges
It's as simple as below:
You login to your router or switch.In the # mode, you type the following command
10.0.0.4 is your tftp server(hope you have one. If not just download solarwind tftp application and install it on any of your server. Just configure it to show the where the files to be stored by default)
routerbackup is your file name.
.doc
is the type of file you want. you can have .txt
or any other foramt.Now your file will be in the designated folder on 10.0.0.4 in word document format.That's all :) Enjoy Cisco
sebix3,60222 gold badges1818 silver badges4040 bronze badges
Sayyid MohammedSayyid Mohammed